The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. In 1935, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the British authorities assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. Since the 1850s, these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Schedule Caste and Scheduled Tribes. Some low-caste groups, such as those formerly called untouchables who constitute modern-day Scheduled Castes, were considered outside the Varna system. The Hindu concept of Varna historically incorporated occupation-based communities. The caste system as a stratification of classes in India originated about 2,000 years ago, and has been influenced by dynasties and ruling elites, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj. The evolution of low castes to modern-day Scheduled Castes is complex. 4.2 Scheduled Tribe Population by State.4.1 Schedules Caste Population by State.2 Government initiative to improve the situation of SCs and STs.The Constitution lays down the general principles of positive discrimination for SCs and STs. Since the independence of India, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given Reservation status, guaranteeing political representation. The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950 lists 1,108 castes across 28 states in its First Schedule, and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes comprise about 16.6% and 8.6%, respectively, of India's population (according to the 2011 census). There were twelve original tribes, from which the scheduled or organized tribal names sprang out. In September 2018, the government "issued an advisory to all private satellite channels asking them to 'refrain' from using the nomenclature 'Dalit'", though "rights groups and intellectuals have come out against any shift from 'Dalit' in popular usage".
Ambedkar preferred the term Dalit to Gandhi's term, Harijan, meaning "person of Hari/ Vishnu" (or Man of God). Ambedkar (1891–1956), a Depressed Class himself, an economist, reformer, chairman of the Constitution assembly of India, and Depressed Class leader during the independence struggle. In modern literature, the Scheduled Castes are sometimes referred to as Depressed Class, meaning "broken/scattered" in Marathi, having been popularised by B.
There are basically five major Varna divisions (or caste or occupational hierarchy) under which, thousands of "jati or jobs or occupations are listed." For much of the period of British rule in the Indian subcontinent, they were known as the Depressed Classes. The terms are recognised in the Constitution of India and the groups are designated in one or other of the categories. The Scheduled Castes ( SCs) and Scheduled Tribes ( STs) are officially designated groups of people in India. Mizoram and Lakshadweep had the highest percentage of its population as ST (~95%), while Punjab and Haryana had 0%. Scheduled Tribes distribution map in India by state and union territory according to 2011 Census.
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